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Research Author: Staff Editor Last Updated: Sep 7, 2017 - 10:06:33 PM



First Breath Shapes the Lung’s Immune System

By Staff Editor
Feb 22, 2017 - 9:58:27 AM



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(HealthNewsDigest.com) - Before birth, lungs are filled with a germ-free liquid, and it is only with the first breath that they abruptly expand in order to take over the oxygenation of blood. This sudden exposure to the outside environment includes incoming airborne microbes and pollutants, which requires the lungs to develop appropriate defense mechanisms, while maintaining the gas exchange. The postnatal immunological development of the lungs remained largely unknown until a group of scientists at CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and the Medical University of Vienna shed light at a complex immune program that starts right after birth: the study published in Cell Reports reveals how first breath-induced interleukin-33 signaling shapes the performance of pulmonary immune cells and influences anti-bacterial defenses.

(Vienna, February 21, 2017) The lung is an important interface between the body and the outside environment: with each breath, a surface of roughly 100 square meters exchanges oxygen for carbon dioxide. More than 10,000 liters of air pass adult lungs every day and with this come numerous viruses, bacteria and pollutants, which need to be prevented from entering the body.

To defend the organism from these intruders, the lungs harbor their own arsenal of highly specialized immune cells that are equipped to maintain the balance between host defense and tissue quiescence. However, how this balanced immune homeostasis in lungs emerged after birth, was largely unexplored. Now, for the first time, the group of Sylvia Knapp, Director of Medical Affairs at CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and Professor of Infection Biology at the Medical University of Vienna showed with the help of mouse models that the very first breath of a newborn releases crucial signals that shape the lifelong immunological milieu of lungs.

The study, published in Cell Reports (DOI:10.1016/j.celrep.2017.01.071), reveals that the mechanical forces of spontaneous ventilation at birth lead to the release of interleukin (IL)-33, a cytokine with a wide-range of effects: So-called “type 2 innate lymphoid cells” (ILC2s) follow the IL-33 signal and migrate into the lung tissue, where they release IL-13, another cytokine. This second signal determines the faith of alveolar macrophages by inducing the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype.

“ILC2-cells are crucial in defending the lungs against parasites or influenza viruses, but little was known about their role in lung homeostasis”, first author Simona Saluzzo, PhD Student funded by the CCHD Program at CeMM and the Medical University of Vienna, explains. “Now we understand that right after birth, ILC2 are responsible for the differentiation of alveolar macrophages into specialized cells that keep the immune system in check and ensure that the lungs stay calm and healthy to ensure proper gas exchange.”

These ILC2-induced effects protect the lungs from excessive inflammation to daily encountered environmental triggers – but there is a catch, senior author Sylvia Knapp emphasizes: “We could show in our study that the described mechanisms are crucial in achieving lung quiescence after the first contact with the outside world. However, these processes at the same time increase the susceptibility to bacterial infections, such as caused by pneumococci. In other words: The mechanism that maintains the lung function of gas exchange at the same time explains why bacterial pneumonia is the primary cause of death by an infectious disease in Western countries.”

The study “First-breath induced type-2 pathways shape the lung immune environment” was published in Cell Reports on February 21, 2017. DOI:10.1016/j.celrep.2017.01.071

Authors: Simona Saluzzo, Anna-Dorothea Gorki, Batika M. J. Rana, Rui Martins, Seth Scanlon, Philipp Starkl, Karin Lakovits, Anastasiya Hladik, Ana Korosec, Omar Sharif, Joanna M. Warszawska, Helen Jolin, Ildiko Mesteri, Andrew N. J. McKenzie und Sylvia Knapp.

The study was supported by the Austrian Science Funds (FWF, DK CCHD), the Vienna Science and Technology Fund (WWTF) and grants from the Medical Research Council and the Wellcome Trust.

Sylvia Knapp is Director of Medical Affairs at CeMM and Professor of Infection Biology at the Medical University of Vienna. She studied Medicine in Vienna and Berlin, is a board-certified Internist and obtained her PhD at the University of Amsterdam. Sylvia’s research focuses on the innate immune response to bacterial infections in general, focusing specifically on the comprehensive repertoire of macrophage functions in health, development and disease.

The mission of CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences is to achieve maximum scientific innovation in molecular medicine to improve healthcare. At CeMM, an international and creative team of scientists and medical doctors pursues free-minded basic life science research in a large and vibrant hospital environment of outstanding medical tradition and practice. CeMM’s research is based on post-genomic technologies and focuses on societally important diseases, such as immune disorders and infections, cancer and metabolic disorders. CeMM operates in a unique mode of super-cooperation, connecting biology with medicine, experiments with computation, discovery with translation, and science with society and the arts. The goal of CeMM is to pioneer the science that nurtures the precise, personalized, predictive and preventive medicine of the future. CeMM trains a modern blend of biomedical scientists and is located at the campus of the General Hospital and the Medical University of Vienna. The Scientific Director of CeMM is Giulio Superti-Furga.

www.cemm.at

The Medical University of Vienna is one of the most traditional medical education establishments with nearly 8,000 students and approximately 5,500 staff members, and one of the most important top-level biomedical research institutions in Europe. Its international outlook is one of its most important pillars and the research focus is centered on immunology, cancer research, imaging, brain research and cardiovascular diseases.https://www.meduniwien.ac.at/web/en

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